With the rapid iteration of genetic engineering, brain-computer interfaces, artificial intelligence, and bionic mechanical technologies, humanity has officially entered a new era of actively intervening in its own evolution. Traditional natural evolution proceeds at a slow pace with significant limitations, while genetic ascension and mechanical ascension have emerged as two core pathways for humanity to break free from the constraints of carbon-based life and achieve self-transcendence. For a long time, academic and public debates over the advantages, feasibility, and future directions of these two paths have formed a binary either-or cognition. This paper, grounded in the current state of technological development, the laws of life sciences, and the logic of civilizational progress, defines the core connotations of genetic ascension and mechanical ascension, systematically compares their technical advantages, fundamental shortcomings, and ethical dilemmas, and projects the phased characteristics of human evolution based on short-term, medium-term, and long-term technological trends. The research indicates that genetic ascension and mechanical ascension are not opposing substitutes but rather complementary and gradually integrating pathways: mechanical assistance dominates in the short term, a dual-path parallel human population differentiation emerges in the medium term, and ultimately, in the long term, a fusion of carbon-based biological core and silicon-based mechanical carriers achieves the ultimate ascension form. This paper aims to clarify the core logic of future human evolution and provide references for properly addressing technological ethics and rationally viewing humanity’s future development.